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Module 4 The natural elements

Module 4 The natural elements

module 4 the natural elements 

一. 本周教学内容:

module 4 the natural elements 

unit 1 electricity today

 

[教学过程]

重点词汇

appliance        efficiently         electrical        flash

fright           neater             lightening       link

mainly          microwave        operate          plug

pylon           refrigerator       steam            storm

vacuum         wire

be known as...

be known as作为……而出名

he is known as a fair judge.他作为一名公正的法官而出名。

同义词:be famous as

辨析:be known for意思是“因……而出名”,相当于be famous for。

he was known for his frankness.他因坦诚而出名。

be known to意思是“……所熟知的”。

as is known to all, the earth is round.

正如大家所熟知的那样,地球是圆的。

 

yet用法

在现在完成时的句子中,already常用于肯定句,yet常用于否定句和疑问句,但yet还有其他用法。

1. 用于否定句中,意思是“还、尚、迄今、到那时”。例如:

he is not yet here. 他还未到。

at three o’clock they had not yet decided whether to play basketball or not.

三点钟时他们尚未决定是否去打篮球。

2. 用于疑问句中,意思是“已经”。例如:

is everything ready yet ? 一切都准备好了吗?

3. 与比较级连用,意思是“更”。例如:

you must work yet harder. 你还需更努力地工作。

4. 与once , again , another 连用,意思是“再”。例如:

he has made yet another mistake.

他又犯了一个错误。

5. 用于肯定句中,意思是“仍然、还得”。例如:

she is yet a child. 她还是个孩子。

6. 用作并列连词时,意思是“然而、可是”。例如:

he studied hard yet he failed.

他学习努力,可是考试仍未及格

 

still:yet  辨析

1a. 一般说来,这两个副词几乎可以通用,只是两者在句中的词序稍有不同

比较:i’ve still a few more pages to read. 我尚有几页书要读。

i’ve a few more pages to read yet. 我尚有几页书要读。

we have exported a lot of goods,but we must export still more.

我们已出口了许多货物,但仍须再多出口一些。

we have exported a lot of goods,but we must export more yet.

我们已出口了许多货物,但仍须再多出口一些。

1b. 两者的情态色彩和语气强弱不一样。试举例来说明。

比较:is teddy still here?丹迪仍在这里吗?(仿佛说,他曾在这里,但不知他走了没有,所以这一句等于“hasn't he left?”的意思。)3页,当前第1123

Module 4 The natural elements

is teddy here yet?丹迪还没有来吗?(仿佛说,我希望他来,但不知他来了没有,所以这一句等于“has he arrived?” 的意思。)

is jane still not here?珍妮还没有到吗?(不愉快的心情较强)

isn’t jane here yet?珍妮还没有到吗?(不愉快的心情较弱)

 

take与bring都有“带”,“拿”的意思。take与bring实际上是一对反义动词。take的意思是“拿走”,“带走”,指把某人或某物从说话人所在地带往别处。例如:

take him to hospital at once, please.

请马上带他去医院。

bring指“带来”,“拿来”,指把某人或某物从别处带到说话人身边来。例如:

eddie brings me some books.

埃迪给我带来了几本书。

bring to  带来好东西       bring on 带来坏东西

work brings happiness to us.

laziness brings misfortunes on us.

bring与take在动作方向上的区别相当于come 与go。请体会这个句子:take this coat away and bring me mine. 把这件外衣拿走,把我的外衣拿来。

 

also,too

这两个词都是副词,又都表示“也是”的意思,但在修辞意味和使用场合上有所不同。它们的区别如下:

(一)一般说来,also用于比较正式(formal)的场合,语气比too庄重; too是惯熟(familiar)的用语,使用范围较广。

(二)also在句中的位置要紧靠动词; too在句中的位置比较灵活,有时插入句中,前后用逗号分开,有时放在句末。

(三)too只能用在肯定句中,不可用于否定句内。either只能用于否定句;also即可以用在肯定句中,又可以用在否定句中。

下面请看例句:

reading books is learning,but practice is also learning。

读书是学习,实践也是学习。

we have not heard such a thing. also,we have never seen such a scene.

我们没有听见过这种事情,我们也从来没有见过这种场面。

请注意,一般说来,also在句中的位置应紧靠动词,但有时为了强调其意,也可以将它放在句首或句末。

mary, too, can play the piano.

玛丽也会弹钢琴。

could you speak japanese?—yes,and spanish too.

您会说日语吗?——会的,还会说西班牙语哩。

also虽然和too同义,但前者大都用于书面语,后者大都用于口语。例:

the lady washed the children and also gave them dinner. (书面语)

the lady washed the children and gave them dinner too. (口语)

在口语中,too还可以用 as well代替。

 

as well as,as well

  这一对短语仅差一字之微,意义相近,故很易引起混淆。

  作为习语用作介词时,as well as的涵义是“还有”、“不但…而且…”。值得注意的是,在a as well as b的结构里,语意的重点在 a,不在 b。因此,“he can speak spanish as well as english. ”的译文应该是:“他不但会说英语,而且会讲西班牙语”,决不能译作:“他不但会说西班牙语,而且会讲英语”。如果这样翻译,就是本末倒置了。as well as和 not only… but also…同义,但前者的语意重点和后者的语意重点恰好颠倒。

  如果 as well as用作连词引出比较从句,其义为“和…一样好”。因此,“he speaks spanish as well as english. ”应译作:“他说西班牙语像说英语一样好”。语意的重点依旧在前部,不在后半部。3页,当前第2123

Module 4 The natural elements

  

make…from       make…of     make…into       make up

they make wine from grapes.

this big box is made of wood.

they make milk into butter and cheese.

a car is made up of many different parts.

 

show

show sb. sth.             show sth. to sb.

show me what you have in your bag.

he showed me his pictures.

1. 一般现在时(the simple present tense)

1) 叙述公认的事实和真理,没有时间性,任何时候都是如此。如:

the earth is round.

wealth doesn't always bring happiness to us.

2) 叙述现阶段平日习惯或日常的行为活动。在这种句子里常有表示习惯性的副词、副词短语或从句。有:often, usually, sometimes, always, never, seldom, every day, once a year, on sundays等,或从句when…,as soon as…等,如:

do you go to school on sundays?

how often does he go to the cinema?

as soon as he arrives, i'll tell him the truth.

3) 叙述现在的事实和情况:

i think he is an honest man.

he wants to be a doctor.

4) 在以if, even if, unless, provided that等引出的条件状语从句里。如:

if it rains tomorrow , i’m going to stay at home.

i won’t go there unless he invites me .

但是,当if, when引导宾语从句时,表示将来时间须用将来时。如:

i don’t know he will come.

i wonder if it will rain tomorrow.

5) 代替现在时行时:在“here comes…”、“there goes …”的倒装结构中,用一般现在代替进行时。如:

look , here comes the teacher!

listen! there goes the bell!

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